Shedding light on cow's milk in the first year of life

The first year of life is crucial for neurological and immune system development, along with the shaping of the gut microbiota and gene expression. The disruption of these systems may detrimental effects on long-term health outcomes. Exclusive breastfeeding is recommended for the first six months and should be continued for up to two years or more, with complementary feeding being initiated around the sixth month to ensure best possible outcomes. When breastfeeding is not possible, during the first year of life, infant formula is the preferred choice. Cow’s milk should not be used as a primary drink before 12 months due to its potential negative effects on health.